Publications

The following are Wilma's publications over her research career. All provided copies are the authors' original versions, pre-final copy editing, so may have some differences from the final published version.

    Publications and Refereed Conference Proceedings
    (Preprints of submitted papers)
  1. Davis, T.*, Chen, Y.E.*, & Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). Artists can design memory, and AI can predict it. Preprint:
  2. Utochkin, I., Chiang, N., & Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). Recognition memory asymmetries predicted by individual item memorability. Preprint:
  3. Zhao, C., Vogel, E.K., & Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). Mental imagery abilities affect visual working memory performance: evidence from aphantasic participants. Preprint:
  4. Rim, N., Veillette, J.P., Lee, S.M., Kardan, O., Krishnan, S., Bainbridge, W.A., & Berman, M.G. (submitted). Natural scenes are more compressible and less memorable than human-made scenes. Preprint:
  5. Guo, X. H., Goldin-Meadow, S., & Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). What makes co-speech gestures memorable? Preprint:
  6. Lee, F.M., Berman, M.G., Stier, A.J.*, & Bainbridge, W.A.* (submitted). Navigating memorability landscapes: Hyperbolic geometry reveals hierarchical structures in object concept memory. Preprint:
  7. Matorina, N., Ghajar, K., Bainbridge, W.A., & Barense, M.D. (submitted). Sleep selectively consolidates images based on perceptual features. Preprint:
  8. Bai, Y., Peters, O., Freiesleben, S. D., Fenski, F., Priller, J., Spruth, E. J., … Bainbridge, W.A. (submitted). Diagnostic images for mild cognitive impairment reveal biomarker status and abnormal scene processing. Preprint:

    9. (Published papers and refereed conference papers)
  9. Roberts, B., R. T., & Bainbridge, W. A. (2026). Reverse-engineering what makes a symbol memorable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 123, e2530745123. [Data & Code].  
  10. Yan, M., Roberts, B.R.T., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). Challenging dual-coding theory: Picture superiority effects persist in aphantasia. Neuropsychologia, 225, 109391. [Data & Code].  
  11. Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). What divides and unites our memories: multi-factor trial-wise predictions of memory across 6+ million trials. American Psychologist. [Data & Code].  
  12. Bainbridge, W.A., Walther, D.B., Fukuda, K., & Goetschalckx, L. (2026). Memorability of visual stimuli reflects processing efficiency. Nature Reviews Psychology, 5, 47-58.
  13. Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). Distinctive places make memories stick. Nature Human Behaviour, 10, 10.
  14. Zhang, H.A., Bainbridge, W.A., Sun, P., & Lee, A.C.H. (2026). Semantics and emotion contribute to word memorability in an associative memory task for Chinese words. Scientific Reports. [Data & Code].  
  15. Mukherjee, K., Huey, H., Stoinski, L. M., Hebart, M. N., Fan, J., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). Drawings of THINGS: A large-scale drawing dataset of 1,854 object concepts. Behavioral Research Methods, 58. [Data & Code].
  16. Davis, T.M., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). The temporal and spatial properties of memorability reveal insights into the art creation process. Cognition, 266, 106322. [Data].  
  17. Peng, S., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2026). Image memorability predicts social media virality and externally-associated commenting. Computers in Human Behavior, 174, 108799. [Data & Code].  
  18. Guo, X., H., Rosenberg, M. D., Bainbridge, W.A.*, & Goldin-Meadow, S.* (2025). How gesture benefits learning: A working framework for examining attention and memory mechanisms. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 7, 41-63.   
  19. Megla, E., Prasad, D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). The neural underpinnings of aphantasia: A case study of identical twins. Cerebral Cortex, 35, bhaf192.   
  20. Revsine, C., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Scene image memorability is learnable via feedback. Scientific Reports, 15, 44473. [Data & Code].  
  21. Revsine, C., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Memorability reflects statistical regularities of the environment. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 94, 103095.
  22. Revsine, C., Goldberg, E., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). The memorability of voices is predictable and consistent across listeners. Nature Human Behaviour, s41562-025-02112-w. [Data & Code].  
  23. Děchtěrenko, F., Bainbridge, W.A., & Lukavský, J. (2025). Visual free recall and recognition in art students and laypeople. Memory & Cognition, 53, 363-378. [Data & Code].   
  24. Megla, E., Rosenthal, S.R., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Drawings reveal changes in object memory, but not spatial memory, across time. Cognition, 254, 105988. [Data & Code].   
  25. Guo, X. & Bainbridge, W.A. (2025). Visual memory for natural scenes. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 3rd edition (Eds.: J. Wixted, T. Abel, S. Fusi, M. Rugg, L. Mickes).
  26. Roberts, B., Pruin, J., Bainbridge, W.A., Rosenberg, M.D., & deBettencourt, M.T. (2024). Memory augmentation with an adaptive cognitive interface. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, s13423-024-02589-y. [Data & Code].   
  27. Guo, X. & Bainbridge, W.A. (2024). Children develop adult-like visual sensitivity to image memorability by the age of four. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153, 531-543. [Data & Code].  
  28. Gedvila, M.*, Ongchoco, J.D.K.*, & Bainbridge, W.A. (2023). Memorable beginnings, but forgettable endings: Intrinsic scene memorability alters our subjective experience of time. Visual Cognition, 5, 380-389. [Data & Code].   
  29. Davis, T., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2023). Memory for artwork is predictable. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 120 (28), e23023891. [Data].   
  30. Megla, E., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2023). The interaction of perception and memory. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience [Data & Code].   
  31. Fan, J., Bainbridge, W.A., Chamberlain, R., & Wammes, J. (2023). Drawing as a versatile cognitive tool. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2, 556–568.
  32. Kramer, M.A., Hebart, M.N., Baker, C.I., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2023). The features that drive the memorability of objects. Science Advances, 9, eadd2981. [Data & Code].   
  33. Hebscher, M., Bainbridge, W.A., & Voss, J.L. (2023). Neural similarity between overlapping events at learning differentially affects reinstatement acros the cortex. NeuroImage, 277, 120220.   
  34. deBettencourt, M.T., Bainbridge, W.A., & Rosenberg, M.D. (2023). Functional neuroimaging. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Second Edition (Eds: H. Cooper, M.N. Coutanche, L.M McMullen, A.T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, K.J. Sher). . (PDF available on request).
  35. Bainbridge, W.A., & Baker, C.I. (2022). Multidimensional memory topography in the medial parietal cortex identified from neuroimaging of thousands of daily memory videos. Nature Communications, 13, 6508. [Data].   
  36. Li, X., Bainbridge, W.A., & Bakkour, A. (2022). Item memorability has no influence on value-based decisions. Scientific Reports, 12, 22056.   
  37. Broers, N., Bainbridge, W., Michel, R., Balestrieri, E., & Busch, N. (2022). The extent and specificity of visual exploration determines the formation of recollected memories in complex scenes. Journal of Vision, 22, 9. [Data].   
  38. Prasad, D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). The Visual Mandela Effect as evidence for shared and specific false memories across people. Psychological Sciences, 33, 1971-1988. [Data].   
  39. Ongchoco, J.D.K., Chun, M.M., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). What moves us? The intrinsic memorability of dance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [Data & Code].   
  40. Wakeland-Hart, C.D., Cao, S.A., deBettencourt, M.T.*, Bainbridge, W.A.*, Rosenberg, M.D.* (2022). Predicting visual memory across images and within individuals. Cognition, 227, 105201. [Data & Code].   
  41. Needell, C.D., & Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Embracing new techniques in deep learning for estimating image memorability. Computational Brain & Behavior, 5, 168-184. [Github]. [OSF]. [Online Demo].   
  42. Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Memorability: Reconceptualizing memory as a visual attribute. Visual Memory (Eds: T.F. Brady and W.A. Bainbridge). Taylor & Francis.  
  43. Bainbridge, W.A. (2022). Shared memories driven by the intrinsic memorability of items. Human Perception of Visual Information: Psychological and Computational Perspectives (Eds: B. Ionescu, W.A. Bainbridge, and N. Murray). Springer.   
  44. Hall, E.H., Bainbridge, W.A., & Baker, C.I. (2021). Highly similar and competing visual scenes lead to diminished object but not spatial detail in memory drawings. Memory, 30, 279-292. [Data & Code].   
  45. Bainbridge, W.A. (2021). A tutorial on capturing mental representations through drawing and crowd-sourced scoring. Behavior Research Methods, 54, 663-675. [Data & Code]. [Youtube tutorial series].
  46. Grande, X., Berron, D., Maass, A., Bainbridge, W.A., & Düzel, D. (2021). Content-specific vulnerability of recent episodic memories in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 160, 1079796. (PDF available on request).
  47. Bainbridge, W.A, Kwok, W.Y., Baker, C.I. (2021). Disrupted object-scene semantics boost scene recall but diminish object recall in drawings from memory. Memory & Cognition, 49, 1568-1582. [Data].   
  48. Bainbridge, W.A., Pounder, Z., Eardley, A.F., Baker, C.I. (2021). Quantifying Aphantasia through drawing: Those without visual imagery show deficits in object but not spatial memory. Cortex, 135, 159-172. [Data].   
  49. Bainbridge, W.A. & Baker, C.I. (2020). Reply to Intraub. Current Biology, 30, 24, R1465-R1466.
  50. Bainbridge, W.A., Hall, E.H., Baker, C.I. (2020). Distinct representational structure and localization for visual encoding and recall during visual imagery. Cerebral Cortex, bhaa329.   
  51. Xie, W., Bainbridge, W.A., Inati, S.K., Baker, C.I., Zaghloul, K. (2020). Memorability of words in arbitrary verbal associations modulates memory retrieval in the anterior temporal lobe. Nature Human Behaviour. [Data].   
  52. Bainbridge, W.A. (2020). The resiliency of image memorability: A predictor of memory separate from attention and priming. Neuropsychologia.   
  53. Bainbridge, W.A. and Baker, C.I. (2020). Boundaries extend and contract in scene memory depending on image properties. Current Biology, 30, 537-543. [Data].   
  54. Bainbridge, W.A., Berron, D., Schütze, H., Cardenas-Blanco, A., Metzger, C., Dobisch, L., et al. (2019). Memorability of photographs in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment for cognitive assessment. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 11, 610-618.   
  55. Bainbridge, W.A. (2019). Memorability: How what we see influences what we remember. In Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 70, 1-27. Eds., K. Federmeier & D. Beck.   
  56. Bainbridge, W.A., Hall, E.H., & Baker, C.I. (2019). Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory. Nature Communications, 10, 5. [Data].   
  57. Bainbridge, W.A., & Rissman, J. (2018). Dissociating neural markers of stimulus memorability and subjective recognition during episodic retrieval. Scientific Reports, 8, 8679.   
  58. Bainbridge, W.A., Dilks, D.D., & Oliva, A. (2017). Memorability: A stimulus-driven perceptual neural signature distinctive from memory. NeuroImage, 149, 141-152. [Data].
  59. Bainbridge, W.A. (2017). The memorability of people: Intrinsic memorability across transformations of a person's face. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(5), 706-716. [Data].
  60. Khaligh-Razavi, S-M., Bainbridge, W.A., Pantazis, D., & Oliva, A. (2016). From what we perceive to what we remember: Characterizing representational dynamics of visual memorability. bioRxiv.   
  61. Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). A toolbox and sample object perception data for equalization of natural images. Data in Brief, 5, 846-851. [Data].
  62. Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). Interaction envelope: Local spatial representations of objects at all scales in scene-selective regions. NeuroImage, 122, 408-416. [Data].
  63. Bainbridge, C.M., Bainbridge, W.A., & Oliva, A. (2015). Quadri-stability of a spatially ambiguous auditory illusion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9 (1060).    .
  64. Bainbridge, W.A., Isola, P., & Oliva, A. (2013). The intrinsic memorability of face images. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1323-1334. [Data]. .
  65. Khosla, A., Bainbridge, W.A., Torralba, A., & Oliva, A. (2013). Modifying the memorability of face photographs. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Sydney, Australia.    .
  66. Oliva, A., Isola, P., Khosla, A., & Bainbridge, W. (2013). What makes a picture memorable? SPIE Newsroom, May 7 2013. [online article].
  67. Bainbridge, W.A., Nozawa, S., Ueda, R., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2012). A methodological outline and utility assessment of sensor-based biosignal measurement in human-robot interaction. International Journal of Social Robotics, 4: 303-316. [Data].   
  68. Kuhl, B.A., Bainbridge, W.A., & Chun, M.M. (2012). Neural reactivation reveals mechanisms for updating memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(10), 3453 - 3461.   
  69. Bainbridge*, W.A., Isola*, P., Blank, I., & Oliva A. (2012). Establishing a database for studying human face photograph memory. 34th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Sapporo, Japan. Poster.
  70. Bainbridge, W.A., Nozawa, S., Ueda, R., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2011). Robot sensor data as a means to measure human reactions to an interaction. In Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots. Bled, Slovenia: October, 2011. Talk.
  71. Bainbridge, W.A., Nozawa, S., Ueda, R., Kakiuchi, Y., Nagahama, K., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2011). Understanding expectations of a robot's identity through multi-user interactions. Proceedings of the HRI 2011 Workshop on Expectations in intuitive human-robot interaction. Lausanne, Switzerland: March, 2011.　Talk.
  72. Bainbridge, W.A., Ueda, R., Nozawa, S., Kakiuchi, Y., Nagahama, K., Okada, K., & Inaba, M. (2011). Using biofeedback to analyze human-robot interaction experiments. Proceedings of the JSME Robotics and Mechatronics Conference 2011. Okayama, Japan: 2011. [Japanese language text. Japanese title: バイオフィードバックに基づく人間・ロボット交流実験の分析]. Poster.
  73. Bainbridge, W.A., Hart, J., Kim, E.S., & Scassellati B. (2010). The benefits of interactions with physically present robots over video-displayed agents. International Journal of Social Robotics (Vol 1-2), 2009-2010.   
  74. Bainbridge, W.A., Hart, J., Kim, E.S., & Scassellati, B. (2008). The effect of presence on human-robot interaction. ROMAN 2008: Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. Munich, Germany: 701-706. Talk.
  75. Bainbridge, W.S. & Bainbridge, W.A. (Sep 2007). Electronic game research methodologies: studying religious implications. Review of Religious Research.
  76. Bainbridge, W.A. & Bainbridge, W.S. (2006). Creative uses of software errors: glitches and cheats. Social Science Computer Review (SSCOR).   
  77. Bainbridge, W.A., White, R., & Oard, D. (2005). An interface to search human movements based on geographic and chronological metadata. Proceedings of the SIGIR 2005 Conference on Research and in Information Retrieval. Salvador, Brazil; 2005. Poster.